Comparison: Apex vs. Java Features

public class MyApexClass {
    public String name { get; set; }

    public MyApexClass(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public String greet() {
        return 'Hello, ' + name + '!';
    }
}

Integer count = 0;
String message = 'Welcome';
Account acc = new Account(Name='Test Account');
List<Contact> contacts = new List<Contact>();

Integer x = 5;
if (x > 0) {
    System.debug('Positive');
} else {
    System.debug('Non-positive');
}

List<Integer> numbers = new List<Integer>{1, 2, 3};
for (Integer num : numbers) {
    System.debug(num);
}

public class Animal {
    public virtual void makeSound() {
        System.debug('Generic animal sound');
    }
}

public class Dog extends Animal {
    public override void makeSound() {
        System.debug('Woof!');
    }
}

public interface Speakable {
    void speak();
}

public class Cat implements Speakable {
    public void speak() {
        System.debug('Meow!');
    }
}

Animal myDog = new Dog();
myDog.makeSound(); // Output: Woof!

Speakable myCat = new Cat();
myCat.speak(); // Output: Meow!

List<Account> accounts = [SELECT Id, Name FROM Account WHERE Industry = 'Technology' LIMIT 10];
for (Account acc : accounts) {
    System.debug(acc.Name);
}

Account newAccount = new Account(Name='New Corp');
insert newAccount;

newAccount.Description = 'Updated Description';
update newAccount;

try {
    Account acc = [SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE Name = 'NonExistent'];
} catch (QueryException e) {
    System.debug('Account not found: ' + e.getMessage());
} finally {
    System.debug('This always executes');
}

List<String> names = new List<String>{'Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie'};
names.add('David');
System.debug(names[0]); // Output: Alice

Set<Integer> uniqueNumbers = new Set<Integer>{1, 2, 2, 3};
uniqueNumbers.add(4);
System.debug(uniqueNumbers.size()); // Output: 3

Map<String, Integer> ages = new Map<String, Integer>{'Alice' => 30, 'Bob' => 25};
ages.put('Charlie', 35);
System.debug(ages.get('Bob')); // Output: 25

public class AsyncOperations {
    @future(callout=true)
    public static void makeHttpRequest(String url) {
        Http http = new Http();
        HttpRequest req = new HttpRequest();
        req.setEndpoint(url);
        req.setMethod('GET');
        HttpResponse res = http.send(req);
        System.debug(res.getBody());
    }
}

// Invocation:
AsyncOperations.makeHttpRequest('https://api.example.com/data');

public class BatchProcessing implements Queueable {
    public void execute(QueueableContext context) {
        List<Account> accountsToUpdate = [SELECT Id, Description FROM Account WHERE Description = null LIMIT 200];
        for (Account acc : accountsToUpdate) {
            acc.Description = 'Processed by Queueable';
        }
        update accountsToUpdate;

        // Optionally chain another job:
        // System.enqueueJob(new AnotherBatchProcess());
    }
}

// Invocation:
System.enqueueJob(new BatchProcessing());

Integer count = [SELECT COUNT() FROM Contact]; // SOQL query limit
if (count > 50000) {
    System.debug('Warning: High contact count');
}

for (Integer i = 0; i < 150; i++) { // DML statement limit (typically 150 per transaction)
    Account acc = new Account(Name='Temp ' + i);
    insert acc;
}

@isTest
private class MyApexClassTest {
    @isTest
    static void testGreeting() {
        MyApexClass myInstance = new MyApexClass('Test User');
        System.assertEquals('Hello, Test User!', myInstance.greet());
    }
}

public with sharing class SecureOperation {
    public static List<Account> getMyAccounts() {
        return [SELECT Id, Name FROM Account WHERE OwnerId = :UserInfo.getUserId()];
    }
}

public without sharing class AdminOperation {
    public static void deleteAllAccounts() {
        delete [SELECT Id FROM Account]; // Potentially bypasses sharing
    }
}

List<List<SObject>> searchResults = [FIND 'Acme*' IN ALL FIELDS RETURNING Account (Id, Name), Contact (Id, Name, Email)];
for (List<SObject> list : searchResults) {
    for (SObject record : list) {
        System.debug(record.get('Name'));
    }
}

Http http = new Http();
HttpRequest req = new HttpRequest();
req.setEndpoint('https://api.example.com/users');
req.setMethod('GET');
HttpResponse res = http.send(req);
if (res.getStatusCode() == 200) {
    System.debug(res.getBody());
}

@RestResource(urlMapping='/MyRestService/*')
global class MyRestService {
    @HttpGet
    global static String sayHello(String name) {
        return 'Hello, ' + name + ' from Apex REST!';
    }
}

// Define a Platform Event:
// Create a custom object 'Cloud_News__e' with fields like 'Headline__c' (Text)

// Publishing an event:
Cloud_News__e event = new Cloud_News__e(Headline__c = 'New Product Launched!');
EventBus.publish(event);

// Trigger (e.g., Apex Trigger on Cloud_News__e):
trigger NewProductAlert on Cloud_News__e (after insert) {
    for (Cloud_News__e news : Trigger.new) {
        System.debug('New Product Alert: ' + news.Headline__c);
    }
}

trigger AccountTrigger on Account (before insert, before update) {
    for (Account acc : Trigger.new) {
        if (String.isBlank(acc.Description)) {
            acc.Description = 'Initial Description';
        }
    }
}

<apex:page controller="MyApexController">
    <apex:form>
        <apex:inputText value="{!name}" label="Enter Your Name"/>
        <apex:commandButton value="Greet" action="{!greet}"/>
        <apex:outputText value="{!greeting}"/>
    </apex:form>
</apex:page>

<!-- myGreeting.html -->
<template>
    <lightning-card title="Greeting">
        <div class="slds-p-around_medium">
            Hello, {greeting}!
        </div>
    </lightning-card>
</template>

// myGreeting.js
import { LightningElement, api } from 'lwc';
export default class MyGreeting extends LightningElement {
    @api greeting = 'World';
}

<!-- package.xml (example for Salesforce CLI) -->
<Package xmlns="http://soap.sforce.com/2006/04/metadata">
    <types>
        <members>MyApexClass</members>
        <name>ApexClass</name>
    </types>
    <version>58.0</version>
</Package>